Chemistry / Steven S. Zumdahl ; Susan A. Zumdahl

Includes index

1. Chemical foundations -- 1.1. Chemistry : an overview -- 1.2. The scientific method -- 1.3. Units of measurement -- 1.4. Uncertainty in measurement -- 1.5. Significant figures and calculations -- 1.6. Dimensional analysis -- 1.7. Temperature -- 1.8. Density -- 1.9. Classification of matter -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 2. Atoms, molecules, and ions -- 2.1. The early history of chemistry -- 2.2. Fundamental chemical laws -- 2.3. Dalton's atomic theory -- 2.4. Early experiments to characterize the atom -- 2.5. The modern view of atomic structure : an introduction -- 2.6. Molecules and ions -- 2.7. An introduction to the periodic table -- Chemical connections : Hassium fits right in -- 2.8. Naming simple compounds -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

3. Stoichiometry -- 3.1. Counting by weighing -- 3.2. Atomic masses -- 3.3. The mole --3.4. Molar mass -- 3.5. Learning to solve problems -- 3.6 Percent composition of compounds -- 3.7. Determining the formula of a compound -- 3.8. Chemical equations -- 3.9. Balancing chemical equations -- 3.10. Stoichiometric calculations : amounts of reactants and products -- Chemical impact : high mountains, low octane -- 3.11. The concept of a limiting reactant -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 4. Types of chemical reactions and solution stoichiometry -- 4.1. Water, the common solvent -- 4.2. The nature of aqueous solutions : strong and weak electrolytes -- Chemical connections : Arrhenius : a man with solutions -- 4.3. The composition of solutions -- Chemical connections : tiny laboratories -- 4.4. Types of chemical reactions -- 4.5. Precipitation reactions -- 4.6. Describing reactions in solution -- 4.7. Stoichiometry of precipitation reactions -- 4.8. Acid-base reactions -- 4.9. Oxidation-reduction reactions -- Chemical connections : iron zeroes in on pollution -- 4.10. Balancing oxidation-reduction equations -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

5. Gases -- 5.1. Pressure -- 5.2. The gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro -- 5.3. The ideal gas law -- 5.4. Gas stoichiometry -- 5.5. Dalton's law of partial pressures -- Chemical connections : separating gases -- Chemical connections : the chemistry of air bags -- 5.6. The kinetic molecular theory of gases -- 5.7. Effusion and diffusion -- 5.8. Real gases -- 5.9. Chemistry in the atmosphere -- Chemical connections : acid rain : a expensive problem -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 6. Thermochemistry -- 6.1. The nature of energy -- 6.2. Enthalpy and calorimetry -- Chemical connections : nature has hot plants -- Chemical connections : firewalking : magic or science? -- 6.3. Hess's law -- 6.4. Standard enthalpies of formation -- 6.5. Present sources of energy -- 6.6. New energy sources -- Chemical connections : farming the wind -- Chemical connections : veggie gasoline? -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

7. Atomic structure and periodicity -- 7.1. Electromagnetic radiation -- 7.2. The nature of matter -- Chemical connections : chemistry that doesn't leave you in the dark -- Chemical connections : Thin is in -- 7.3. The atomic spectrum of hydrogen -- 7.4. The Bohr model -- Chemical connections : fireworks -- 7.5. The quantum mechanical model of the atom -- 7.6. Quantum numbers -- 7.7. Orbital shapes and energies -- 7.8. Electron spin and the Pauli principle -- 7.9. Polyelectronic atoms -- 7.10. The history of the periodic table -- 7.11. The Aufbau principle and the periodic table -- 7.12. Periodic trends in atomic properties -- 7.13. The properties of a group : the alkali metals -- Chemical connections : potassium : too much of a good thing can kill you -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

8. Bonding : general concepts -- 8.1. Types of chemical bonds -- Chemical connections : no lead pencils -- 8.2. Electronegativity -- 8.3. Bond polarity and dipole moments -- 8.4. Ions : electron configurations and sizes -- 8.5. Energy effects in binary ionic compounds -- 8.6. Partial ionic character of covalent bonds -- 8.7. The covalent chemical bond : a model -- 8.8. Covalent bond energies and chemical reactions -- 8.9. The localized electron bonding model -- 8.10. Lewis structures -- Chemical connections : nitrogen under pressure -- 8.11. Exceptions to the octet rule -- 8.12. Resonance -- 8.13. Molecular structure : the VSEPR model -- Chemical connections : chemical structure and communication : semiochemicals -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 9. Covalent bonding : orbitals -- 9.1. Hybridization and the localized electron model -- 9.2. The molecular orbital model -- 9.3. Bonding in homonuclear diatomic molecules -- 9.4. Bonding in heteronuclear diatomic molecules -- 9.5. Combining the localized electron and molecular orbital models -- Chemical connections -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

10. Liquids and solids -- 10.1. Intermolecular forces -- 10.2. The liquid state -- 10.3. An introduction to structures and types of solids -- Chemical connections -- Smart fluids -- 10.4. Structure and bonding in metals -- Chemical connections : Closest packing of M & Ms -- Chemical connections : what sank the Titanic? -- 10.5. Carbon and silicon : network atomic solids -- Chemical connections : transistors and printed circuits -- 10.6. Molecular solids -- Chemical connections : Explosive sniffer -- 10.7. Ionic solids -- 10.8. Vapor pressure and changes of state -- 10.9. Phase diagrams -- Chemical connections : making diamonds at low pressures : fooling Mother Nature -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 11. Properties of solutions -- 11.1. Solution composition -- 11.2. The energies of solution formation -- 11.3. Factors affecting solubility -- Chemical connections : ionic liquids? -- 11.4. The vapor pressures of solutions -- Chemical impact : the Lake Nyos tragedy -- Chemical connections : spray power -- 11.5. Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression -- 11.6. Osmotic pressure -- 11.7. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions -- Chemical connections : the drink of champions, water -- 11.8. Colloids -- Chemical connections : organisms and ice formation -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

12. Chemical kinetics -- 12.1. Reaction rates -- 12.2. Rate laws : an introduction -- 12.3. Determining the form of the rate law -- 12.4. The integrated rate law -- 12.5. Reaction mechanisms -- 12.6. A model for chemical kinetics -- 12.7. Catalysis -- Chemical connections : automobiles : air purifiers? -- Chemical connections : enzymes : nature's catalysts -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 13. Chemical equilibrium -- 13.1. The equilibrium condition -- 13.2. The equilibrium constant -- 13.3. Equilibrium expressions involving pressures -- 13.4. Heterogeneous equilibria -- 13.5. Applications of the equilibrium constant -- 13.6. Solving equilibrium problems -- 13.7. Le Chatelier's principle -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 14. Acids and bases -- 14.1. The nature of acids and bases -- 14.2. Acid strength -- 14.3. The pH scale -- Chemical connections -- Arnold Beckman, man of science -- 14.4. Calculating the pH of strong acid solutions -- 14.5. Calculating the pH of weak acid solutions -- 14.6. Bases -- Chemical connections : amines -- 14.7. Polyprotic acids -- 14.8. Acid-base properties of salts -- 14.9. The effect of structure on acid-base properties -- 14.10. Acid-base properties of oxides -- 14.11. The Lewis acid-base model -- Chemical connections : self-destructing paper -- 14.12. Strategy for solving acid-base problems : a summary -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

15. Acid-Base equilibria -- 15.1. Solutions of acids or bases containing a common ion -- 15.2. Buffered solutions -- 15.3. Buffering capacity -- 15.4. Titrations and pH curves -- 15.5. Acid-base indicators -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 16. Solubility and complex ion equilibria -- 16.1 Solubility equilibria and the solubility product -- Chemical connections : the chemistry of teeth -- 16.3 Equilibria involving complex ions -- For review Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 17. Spontaneity, entropy, and free energy -- 17.1. Spontaneous processes and entropy -- 17.2. Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics -- Chemical connections : entropy : an organizing force? -- 17.3. The effect of temperature on spontaneity -- 17.4. Free energy -- 17.5. Entropy changes in chemical reactions -- 17.6. Free energy and chemical reactions -- 17.7. The dependence of free energy on pressure -- 17.8. Free energy and equilibrium -- 17.9. Free energy and work -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

18. Electrochemistry -- 18.1. Balancing oxidation-reduction equations -- 18.2 Galvanic cells -- 18.3. Standard reduction potentials -- 18.4. Cell potential, electrical work, and free energy -- 18.5. Dependence of cell potential on concentration -- 18.6. Batteries -- Chemical connections : Fuel cells : Portable energy -- 18.7. Corrosion -- 18.8. Electrolysis -- Chemical connections : the chemistry of sunken treasure -- 18.9. Commercial electrolytic processes -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 19. The nucleus : a chemist's view -- 19.1. Nuclear stability and radioactive decay -- 19.2. The kinetics of radioactive decay -- 19.3. Nuclear transformations --19.4. Detection and uses of radioactivity -- 19.5. Thermodynamic stability of the nucleus -- 19.6. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion -- 19.7. Effects of radiation -- Chemical connections : Future nuclear power -- Chemical connections -- Nuclear physics : an introduction -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

20. The representative elements -- 20.1. A survey of the representative elements -- 20.2. The group 1A elements -- 20.3. Hydrogen -- 20.4. The group 2A elements -- 20.5. The group 3A elements -- 20.6. The group 4A elements -- Chemical connections : Beethoven : hair is the story -- 20.7. The group 5A elements -- 20.8. The chemistry of nitrogen -- Chemical connections -- Nitrous oxide : Laughing gas that propels whipped cream and cars -- 20.9. The chemistry of phosphorus -- 20.10. The group 6A elements -- 20.11. The chemistry of oxygen -- 20.12. The chemistry of sulfur -- 20.13. The group 7A elements -- 20.14. The group 8A elements -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

21. Transition metals and coordination chemistry -- 21.1. The transition metals : a survey -- 21.2. The first-row transition metals -- Chemical connections : titanium dioxide, miracle coating -- 21.3. Coordination compounds -- Chemical connections : Alfred Werner : coordination chemist -- 21.4. Isomerism -- Chemical connections : the importance of being cis -- 21.5. Bonding in complex ions : the localized electron model -- 21.6. The crystal field model -- Chemical connections : transition metal ions lend color to gems -- 21.7. The biologic importance of coordination complexes -- Chemical connections : supercharged blood -- 21.8. Metallurgy and iron and steel production -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 22. Organic and biological molecules -- 22.1. Alkanes : saturated hydrocarbons -- 22.2. Alkenes and alkynes -- 22.3. Aromatic hydrocarbons -- 22.4. Hydrocarbon derivatives -- 22.5. Polymers -- Chemical connections : Wallace Hume Carothers -- 22.6. Natural polymers -- Chemical connections : tanning in the shade -- For review -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises

Appendix 1. Mathematical procedures -- A1.1. Exponential notation -- A1.2. Logarithms -- A1.3. Graphing functions -- A1.4. Solving quadratic equations -- A1.5. Uncertainties in measurements -- Appendix 2. The quantitative kinetic molecular model -- Appendix 3. Spectral analysis -- Appendix 4. Selected thermodynamic data -- Appendix 5. Equilibrium constants and reduction potentials -- A5.1. Values of Ka for some common monoprotic acids -- A5.2. Stepwise dissociation constants for several common polyprotic acids -- A5.3. Values of Kb for some common weak bases -- A5.4. Ksp values at 25°C for common ionic solids -- A5.5. Standard reduction potentials at 25°C (298K) for many common half-reactions -- Appendix 6. SI units and conversion factors -- Glossary -- Answers to selected exercises -- Photo credits -- Index